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INTRODUCTION TO NT GREEK LANGUAGE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Trinity
College of Biblical Studies
Trinity College of Biblical Studies Library Trinity College of Biblical Studies Chapel
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Trinity College of Biblical Studies-Free Online Bible College
Introduction to NT Greek
Register for this free online bible class by clicking on this link Required Reading Click on links to view Download Intro NT Greek Textbook (Complete Exercises Forward to Professor) Short Syntax of New Testament Greek Pocket Lexicon Greek New Testament Reference Material The Mythology Of Greece And Rome Download Interlinear Greek New Testament Click on link below to download Westcott-Hort text from 1881, combined with the NA26/27 variants. (only NA26/27 variants visible)
Helps to Learn the Greek Alphabet http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/greek/interactive.htm Greek New Testament with Dictionary and Helps Link http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0155 Greek Grammar Helps Link
Weekly TestsWeek 1 - 10 words test / all words test / word list Week 2 - 10 words test / all words test / word list Week 3 - 10 words test / all words test / word list Week 4 - 10 words test / all words test / word list Week 5 - 10 words test / all words test / word list Week 6 - 10 words test / all words test / word list Week 7 - 10 words test / all words test / word list Week 8 - 10 words test / all words test / word list Comprehensive Tests40 words evenly taken from all weekly exams. 80 words evenly taken from all weekly exams. 160 words evenly taken from all weekly exams. 25 words randomly taken from all weekly exams. 50 words randomly taken from all weekly exams. 75 words randomly taken from all weekly exams. 100 words randomly taken from all weekly exams. 150 words randomly taken from all weekly exams. 200 words randomly taken from all weekly exams.
The Greek AlphabetTHE GREEK ALPHABET Click on the letter below to hear the pronunciation of the letters of the alphabet.
THE DIPHTHONGS Diphthongs (Greek: double sound) are combinations of two vowels that are pronounced together or in rapid succession forming one vowel sound or syllable. Click on the diphthongs below to hear their pronunciation:
THE IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS The socalled "improper diphthongs" consist of the vowels a, h, or w with the letter iota written underneath (iota subscript). The improper diphthongs are pronounced exactly like their respective long vowels without the iota: BREATHING MARK EXAMPLES Every word beginning with a vowel has a smooth or rough breathing mark to indicate how this initial vowel is pronounced. Smooth breathing ( j) indicates no change in the sound; rough breathing ( J ) is pronounced like the aspirated h in English: Click below for examples:
ASSIGNMENT: Memorize and learn to write ALL of the letters of the alphabet, as well as to pronounce them correctly.
Writing the Greek LettersThese letters are written on the line: a e i k n o p s t u w. These letters are written partly on and partly below the line: g h m r j x These letters are written partly on and partly above the line: d q l These letters are written on, above and below the line: b z c f y The capital letters will only be used when they begin a proper noun. Sentences begin with small letters. ASSIGNMENT: Practice writing all of the letters above on lined paper so that they are correctly written.
Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters Study Aid Level Three: Practice Writing the Greek Letters Practice writing all the Greek capital letters with their matching small letters in their alphabetical order. Pronounce each letter as you write it. Write and say these letters until you can do so with ease. How to write Greek lettersThe arrows show you where to start when you write Greek letters. Always remember to write the accents and breathing marks, as well as the iota subscripts!
A a B b G g D d E e Z z H h Q q Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters ________________________________________________________________ I i K k L l M m N n C c O o P p R r Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet Page Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters ________________________________________________________________
S s S j T t U u F f X x Y y W w Final Sigma Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet Page SA1:44 Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A) ________________________________________________________________ Practice writing all the Greek capital letters in their alphabetical order in the space provided below. Aim for simplicity, clarity, and ease of recognition.
The Greek Alphabet You may use this NTGreek Lesson Aid to see if you know the different Greek alphabetical characters. Directions: A Greek alphabetical character is displayed on the left. Use the pull-down menu to choose the correct answer. At the bottom of the page, you may choose the option to see the correct answers and your score, as well as try other Greek alphabetical characters. Vowel CombinationsWhen two or more vowels (a e i o u) occur together they are pronounced as one letter. The following chart will indicate the correct pronunciation of these vowel combinations in Greek (called diphthongs):
Whenever gg, or kg occur together, they are pronounced "ng" as in "angel" ASSIGNMENT: Practice correctly pronouncing the vowel combinations above.
Lesson 2: Breathing MarksWhen r begins a word, it must have what is called the rough breathing mark, (a & on top of it), and when any word begins with a vowel it also must have either a rough breathing mark, or a smooth breathing mark ( an 0 on top of it). For example: r& = a rough breathing mark (pronounced with an "h" sound) a0 = a smooth breathing mark pronounced simply as "a"
Accent MarksThe marks found above letters in Greek are called accent marks (apart from the rough and smooth breathing marks we have already discussed). These marks help in pronunciation of words; but we will simply note them and not memorize them. Usage will, in the long run, make these marks self explanatory.
Punctuation MarksIn Greek there are 4 punctuation marks; the comma (,) and period (.) correspond to the English comma and period. The colon (:) appears above the line and corresponds to the English colon. The question mark (;) is this sign.
Lesson 3: Present Active IndicativeIn Greek, as in English, there are different parts of speech: verbs, which are words that describe action; nouns, which name objects; and adjectives, which modify nouns. There are other parts of speech which we will discuss later. For now, we will focus on one particular type of verb. When one talks about Greek verbs one must be very clear as to which kind of verb one is talking about. Greek verbs, you see, have "Tense", which describes both kind and time of action. They also have "Voice", which indicates whether the subject of the verb is acting (active voice) or being acted upon (passive voice). Greek verbs also have "Mood", which shows the verb's relation to reality. And finally, Greek verbs also have number (singular or plural). We will see many examples of aong; so do not worry now about whether or not you fully grasp these ideas. You will!!!! The first kind of verb we will discuss is the one which occurs most often in the New Testament: Present, Active, Indicative. That is, the tense is present (describing action taking place now), the voice is active (meaning that the verb's subject is acting and not being acted upon), and the mood is indicative (which demonstrates true reality). Present, Active, Indicative verbs are translated by a present tense English verb. (See the examples below in the vocabulary). Before we go any further, the following words will need to be memorized by the student for vocabulary. These words occur very frequently in the New Testament. ginwskw = I know grafw = I write didaskw = I teach e0geirw = I raise up, lift up lambanw = I receive, take to myself legw = I say, I speak pempw = I send ferw = I bear, I carry, I bring ASSIGNMENT: Memorize these vocabulary words and learn to correctly pronounce them. You will notice that each of these verbs ends with the letter w. And they are all translated by "I...." In Greek, the verb called the present, active, indicative, always ends with the following endings (called conjugations):
Singular-w = I ... -eij = you ... -ei = he, she or it, depending on the context
Plural-omen = we... -ete = you -ousi= they -ein = infinitive Thus, to learn to recognize the Present, Active, Indicative, you simply need to recognize the verbal ending. You can take any of the verbs ending, add the endings above, and have the correct conjugation. For instance: legw= I say legeij= = You say legei= He, she or it (depending on the contexts) says legomen= We say legete= You say legousi= They say legein= to say ASSIGNMENT: Take each of the verbs from the vocabulary above and conjugate them, then translate them. Example: didask + w = I teach didask + eij = you teach didask + ei = he, she or it teaches didask + omen = we teach didask + ete = you teach didask + ousi = they teach didask + ein = to teach Now, do the rest of the verbs for yourself (but don't include the + marker, it is simply there to show you how conjugation is done).
Lesson 4: Second Declension Nouns
Vocabulary: 1. Verbs a0gw- I lead a0kouw- I hear blepw- I see e0xw- I have luw- I loose, I destroy 2. Second Declension Nouns a0ggeloj- messenger a0delfoj- brother douloj- slave, servant karpoj- fruit logoj- word a0nqrwpoj- man a0postoloj- apostle, messenger a0rtoj- bread gamoj- marriage dwron- gift qanatoj- death i&eron-- temple liqoj- stone nomoj- law o0xloj- crowd ui&oj- son kai- and ASSIGNMENT: Memorize the vocabulary words above. Note that list 1 are verbs, and list 2 are nouns of the second declension. There are three ways of classifying nouns in Greek. The second declension (class) are the most frequent in the New Testament, so it is with these that we begin our study of nouns. The following endings are attached to the noun root to obtain the endings of the second declension:
All that one needs to do to decline a noun in Greek, if it is a second declension noun, is add these endings to the stem. For example, the stem of a0nqrwpoj is a0nqrwp- to which are added the endings of the second declension as follows:
To find the stem of any noun, simply drop off the nominative ending (the way it is listed in the dictionary) and add the endings above. (See how simple it is!) ASSIGNMENT: Decline (or add the appropriate endings, as above) all the nouns in the vocabulary at the beginning of lesson 4. Now, we must briefly discuss the meanings of these endings: The Nominative case (or ending) is the case that the subject of the sentence is found in. The Genitive case is the case used to describe ownership of something. For example, oi0kou a0nqrwpou means "a man's house" or "a house of a man". The Locative case indicates where something is located. "oi0kw| " means "in a house" The Instrumental case indicates the means by which something is. "oi0kw| " means "by means of a house". The Dative case indicates the direction of something. "oi0kw| " means "to a house". The astute reader will notice that the Locative, Instrumental and Dative cases are all the same in form. The correct translation can only be gained by means of the context. The Accusative case shows limits. "oi0kon" means "the house" (only). The Vocative (which occurs only in the singular) is the case of address. "a0nqrwpe" means "man!" Accurate translation means that the translator must know these forms and their meanings. ASSIGMENT: Translate the following sentences: a0nqrwpoj ginwskei ton nomon pempete dwra tw| i&erw| lambanw dwra karpou kai a0rton
Lesson 5: 1st Declension NounsAs we begin this lesson the student needs to be reminded that learning Greek is like washing an elephant. We have washed a little, and we have a lot more to go. But don't get discouraged! Stick with it and the rewards will far outweigh the trouble.
Vocabulary:
ASSIGNMENT: write and memorize this vocabulary list. This lesson will help the student recognize and translate 1st declension nouns. The student is urged to review lesson 4 and its description of the various cases. They also apply here, as in 2nd declension nouns. The following table must be memorized:
These endings are simply added to the stem of the feminine nouns of the 1st declension (masculine nouns of the 1st declension are different): for example:
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